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44 Phonemes
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by Jason Stephenson 4 years ago
Standard 2: Reading Foundations
The 44 Phonemes of the English Language
Standard 2: Reading and Writing Foundations has a strand called Phonological Awareness: “Students will recognize, count, and manipulate the parts of spoken words, including syllables, onset/rimes, and phonemes without using text.” In the chart below, the 44* phonemes of the English language are listed with their common graphemes**. Examples of each grapheme are also provided.
- Phoneme: a speech sound that combines with others in a language system to make words.
- Grapheme: a letter or letter combination that spells a phoneme; can be one, two, three, or four letters in English.
| Phoneme |
Graphemes |
Examples |
|
Consonant Sounds
|
| 1 |
/b/
|
b, bb
|
big, rubber
|
|
2
|
/d/
|
d, dd, ed
|
dog, add, filled
|
|
3
|
/f/
|
f, ph
|
fish, phone
|
|
4
|
/g/
|
g, gg
|
go, egg
|
|
5
|
/h/
|
h
|
hot
|
| 6 |
/j/
|
j, ge, gi, gy, dge
|
jet, germ, giant, gym judge
|
|
7
|
/k/
|
c, k, ck, ch, cc, que
|
cat, kitten, duck, school, occur, antique
|
|
8
|
/l/
|
l, ll
|
leg, bell
|
|
9
|
/m/
|
m, mm, mb
|
mad, hammer, lamb
|
|
10
|
/n/
|
n, nn, kn, gn
|
no, dinner, knee, gnome
|
|
11
|
/p/
|
p, pp
|
pie, apple
|
|
12
|
/r/
|
r, rr, wr
|
run, marry, write
|
|
13
|
/s/
|
s, se, sc, ss, ce, ci, cy
|
sun, mouse, science, dress, cent, city, cycle
|
|
14
|
/t/
|
t, tt, ed
|
top, letter, stopped
|
|
15
|
/v/
|
v, ve
|
vet, give
|
|
16
|
/w/
|
w
|
wet
|
|
17
|
/y/
|
y, i
|
yes, onion
|
|
18
|
/z/
|
z, zz, ze, s, se, x
|
zip, fizz, sneeze, is, please, xylophone
|
|
Consonant Digraphs
|
|
19
|
/th/
(not voiced)
|
th
|
thin
|
|
20
|
/th/
(voiced)
|
th
|
then
|
|
21
|
/ng/
|
ng, n
|
sing, monkey
|
|
22
|
/sh/
|
sh, ss, ch, ci, ti
|
ship, mission, chef, special, motion
|
|
23
|
/ch/
|
ch, tch
|
chip, match
|
|
24
|
/zh/
|
ge, s
|
garage, measure
|
|
25
|
/wh/
(with breath)
|
wh
|
what
|
| Short Vowel Sounds |
|
26
|
/ă/
|
a, au
|
hat, laugh
|
|
27
|
/ĕ/
|
e, ea
|
bed, bread
|
|
28
|
/ĭ/
|
i
|
if
|
|
29
|
/ŏ/
|
o, a, au, aw, ough
|
hot, want, haul, draw, bought
|
|
30
|
/ŭ/
|
u, o
|
up, ton
|
|
Long Vowel Sounds
|
|
31
|
/ā/
|
a, a_e, ai, ay, ei, ey
|
bacon, late, train, day, vein, they
|
|
32
|
/ē/
|
e, e_e, ea, ee, ey, ie, y
|
me, these, beat, feet, key, chief, baby
|
|
33
|
/ī/
|
i, i_e, ie, igh, y
|
find, ride, pie, light, fly
|
|
34
|
/ō/
|
o, o_e, oa, ou, ow
|
no, note, boat, soul, row
|
|
35
|
/ū/
|
u, u_e, ew
|
human, use, few
|
| Other Vowel Sounds |
|
36
|
/o͝o/
|
oo, u, oul
|
book, put, could
|
|
37
|
/o͞o/
|
oo, u, u_e
|
moon, truth, rule
|
|
Vowel Diphthongs
|
|
38
|
/ow/
|
ow, ou, ou_e
|
cow, out, house
|
|
39
|
/oy/
|
oy, oi
|
toy, coin
|
|
R-controlled Vowels
|
|
40
|
/a(r)/
|
ar
|
car
|
|
41
|
/ā(r)/
|
air, are, ear
|
hair, care, bear
|
|
42
|
/i(r)/
|
irr, ere, eer
|
mirror, here, cheer
|
|
43
|
/o(r)/
|
or, ore, oor
|
for, core, door
|
|
44
|
/u(r)/
|
ur, ar, er, ir, or, ear
|
burn, dollar, fern, first, work, heard
|
*Linguists have not always agreed on the exact number of phonemes in the English language, but 44 is the most recent and accurate number.
** This list does not include all possible graphemes for a given phoneme.
Source: Orchestrating Success in Reading by Dawn Reithaug (2002)
Source: Pages 2-3 of the ELA Appendix
44 Phonemes
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