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Citations

Page history last edited by Jason Stephenson 4 years, 8 months ago

 

Citations

 

noun | a "quotation of or explicit reference to a source indicating where the paraphrased or quoted materials came. Examples of citations style include MLA (Modern Language Association) and APA (American Psychological Association)." (ELA Glossary, page 74) 

 

With the recursive nature of the reading and writing strands of the standards, it is imperative to directly instruct students how to reference the evidence they have read in the writing in which they are making assertions requiring support. Students should understand the importance of attributing information to the proper source whether quoting directly, summarizing, or paraphrasing. Citation modeling and practice should occur in a variety of writing examples, including short answer, essay responses, formal writing pieces, etc. to make citing sources a regular practice.

 

Literacy Progression

Standard 6

Progression 

objectives in chronological order with shifts bolded

how the objectives develop & change through the grade levels

1.6.W.2 Students will organize information found during group or individual research, using graphic organizers or other aids with guidance and support.

In early grades, students will not be required to actually cite information; however, it is important that they can recognize which information does come from sources.

 

In the first grade, this may be a teacher-led discussion where the teacher models organizing information using a variety of graphic organizers (t-chart, Venn Diagram, cluster, etc.).  

 

It is important to note that students are not required to do this independently yet.

2.6.W.2 Students will organize information found during group or individual research, using graphic organizers or other aids.

By the end of 2nd grade, students should be able to accurately put information into graphic organizers in small groups and independently.

Although these objectives aren’t directly related to citations, it is important that students understand where information comes from.

3.6.W.2 Students will organize information found during group or individual research, using graphic organizers or other aids. 

4.6.W.2 Students will organize information found during research, following a modified citation style (e.g. author, title, publication date) with guidance and support.  

Beginning in fourth grade and continuing in fifth grade, students should organize information found during research into a bibliography using a modified and simple citation style consisting of author’s name, title, and date of publication.

 

Students are organizing their bibliographies with guidance and support of the teacher.

It is important to note that students will be progressing to using an APA or MLA citation style beginning the next year.

 

Students are not required to quote or cite information at this stage, but should be introduced to the concept of plagiarism and are beginning to paraphrase information through standard 4.2.R.4 and 5.2.R.3.

5.6.W.3 Students will organize information found during research, following a modified citation style (e.g. author, title, publication date) with guidance and support.  

6.6.W.3 Students will organize information found during research, following a modified citation style (e.g. MLA, APA, etc.) with guidance and support.  

Until this point, students will only have used the author’s name, title, and publication date as a reference citation. 6th grade should introduce either MLA or APA style in a modified, approachable way that students can master but that can be built upon in upper grades.

 

It is important that the department/ district make a decision about which style to follow to eliminate confusion from one year to the next 

7.6.W.3 Students will organize information found during research, following a modified citation style (e.g. MLA, APA, etc.) and avoiding plagiarism. 

At this point, students are now citing information independently.

Students will naturally tend to “copy and paste” text from their resource into their writing. 7th grade students require direct instruction in how to avoid plagiarism by using citations correctly.

 

This is the first year where students should be able to do this independently, having had guidance and support up to this point. 

8.6.W.3 Students will quote, paraphrase, and summarize findings following an appropriate citation style (e.g. MLA, APA, etc.) and avoiding plagiarism. 

After learning a modified citation style in 6th and 7th grade, students should learn the fullness of the chosen citation style with practice in multiple writing pieces throughout the year. 8th and 9th grades should emphasize paraphrasing and summarizing as key ways to incorporate textual evidence alongside appropriate citation.  

9.6.W.3 Students will quote, paraphrase, and summarize findings following an appropriate citation style (e.g. MLA, APA, etc.) and avoiding plagiarism. 

10.6.W.3 Students will integrate into their own writing quotes, paraphrases, and summaries of findings following an appropriate citation style (e.g. MLA, APA, etc.) and avoiding plagiarism. 

By the time students enter the 10th grade they should have a thorough understanding of the school’s chosen citation style. Typically schools will default to the MLA citation style. However, it is up to your school system to work together to ensure that all grade levels are working toward the same standard citation style.

 

Citation styles differ for disciplines outside of English Language Arts. It would be beneficial to consult with other departments concerning their chosen citation styles.

 

In addition to the mastery of a chosen citation style, students should begin working on the seamless integration of quotes, paraphrases, and summaries of findings into their written work. The intended goal is to create written works with citations that do not inhibit narrative flow. 

11.6.W.3 Students will integrate into their own writing quotes, paraphrases, and summaries of findings following an appropriate citation style (e.g. MLA, APA, etc.) and avoiding plagiarism. 

12.6.W.3 Students will integrate into their own writing quotes, paraphrases, and summaries of findings following an appropriate citation style (e.g. MLA, APA, etc.) and avoiding plagiarism. 

 

 

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