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9-2-R-1

Page history last edited by Jason Stephenson 4 years, 2 months ago

Standard 2: Reading and Writing Process

Students will use a variety of recursive reading and writing processes.

READING: Students will read and comprehend increasingly complex literary and informational texts.
9.2.R.1 Students will summarize, paraphrase, and generalize ideas, while maintaining meaning and a logical sequence of events, within and between texts.

Student Actions 

Teacher Actions 

  • Students will condense ideas keeping the meaning, essential information, and order of the text.
  • Students will paraphrase ideas by changing the vocabulary and structure of statement while keeping the author's intended purpose.
  • Teachers provide examples of effective and ineffective summaries for students to study.
  • Teachers provide time for students to write summaries from a variety of literary and informational texts.
  • Teachers provide examples of effective paraphrases for students to study.
  • Teachers provide time for students to paraphrase a variety of literary and informational texts.

Supporting Resources 

Teacher Insights 

Summarizing Literacy Progression (website)

Paraphrasing Literacy Progression (website)

OWL Purdue: Summarizing vs. Paraphrasing (website)

OWL Purdue: Paraphrasing Tips (website)

  • While summarizing, paraphrasing, and generalization all involve re-telling or restating information, there are subtle differences between these skills and cannot be used interchangeably.

  • Summarizing, paraphrasing, and generalizing are all separate ways of conveying an author’s idea(s); they each have different purposes and procedures. In terms of narrowing down ideas of a text, the process would start at the top as the most specific and authentic, working down to the broadest.

    • Original Text

    • Summarize

    • Generalize

  • Summarizing is to reduce large selections of text to their base essentials: the gist, the key ideas, the main points that are worth noting and remembering. It is shorter than the original text.

    • Students struggle with selecting which details to include and often write summaries that include too many details.

    • Only details/ideas pertaining to the overall understanding of the text should be used in a summary.

    • A summary should remain objective and maintain the same order as the original text.

  • Generalizing is to make general or broad statements by inferring from text details. This differs slightly from paraphrasing and summarizing as it is an inference and interpretation of main ideas, rather than a restatement of them. A generalization is shorter than a summary.

    • Literary Text Example:

      • A summary of The Odyssey would include a retelling of the major events on Odysseus’ journey home.

      • A generalization of The Odyssey could be “This epic poem details a hero’s journey while focusing on the importance of home.”

    • Informational Text Example:

      • A summary of an article on DACA would include the key ideas about its history, its participants, and it benefits.

      • A generalization would include an inference such as, “The article provides details about DACA while showing how policies are harmful to families.”

  • Paraphrasing is to restate another writer’s words into one’s own words.

    • A paraphrase should maintain the same meaning as the original text and will usually be about the same length--as the intent is to restate rather than shorten. Paraphrasing will include more than just the main ideas.

    • This differs from summarizing as its aim is to simplify and clarify, rather than just restate main ideas.

Due to recursive nature of the standards, it is essential that teachers are aware of how all objectives within and between strands work together for optimal instruction.

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